Tundra+B

= Tundra(in general) = = Arctic Tundra = = Alpine Tundra  =
 * Extremely cold climate
 * Low biotic diversity
 * Simple plant structure
 * Short seasons of growth/reproduction
 * Limitation of drainage
 * Energy of nutrients are in the form of dead organic material
 * Large population oscillations
 * 2 types of tundra: Arctic and Alpine
 * Growing season lasts for about 50 to 60 days
 * Temperature: Winter: -34 degrees C (-30 degrees F) / Summer: 3 - 12 degrees C (37-54 degrees F)[[image:17HannahFrostyTundraPic.jpg width="224" height="113" align="right"]]
 * Rainfall: 15 to 25 cm.
 * Soil is permafrost
 * Plants: 1,700 kinds including: low shrubs, sedges, reindeer mosses, liverwort, and grasses
 * Animals: Herbivorous Mammals; lemmings, voles, caribous, squirrels, arctic hares/Carnivorous Mammals; arctic foxes, wolves, polar bears/Migratory Birds; ravens, snow bunting, falcons, loons, ravens, sandpipers, terns, snowbirds, and various species of gulls/Insects; mosquito, flies, moths, grasshoppers, black-flies, arctic bumble bees/Fish; cod, flatfish, salmon, trout black-flies


 * Growing season: 180 days
 * Plants: tussock grasses, dwarf trees, small-leafed shrubs, and heaths [[image:arctic_tundra_sn._bun..jpg width="141" height="141" align="right"]]
 * Animals:
 * Mammals: pikas, marmots, mountain goats, sheep, elk
 * Birds: grouselike birds
 * Insects: springtails, beetles, grasshoppers, butterflies